Growth factors (GFs) are molecules that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. The review delves into nine basic families of the molecules and how they are utilized in medicine. The most substantial clinical evidence supporting medical applications has been established for EGF (epidermal growth factor), PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), and FGF (fibroblast growth factor), which are primarily indicated for the treatment of chronic, non-healing wounds, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus. Data from recent systematic overviews indicate that EGF yields the highest efficacy in terms of healing rate and complete wound closure. In Russia, an EGF-based pharmaceutical agent (Heberprot-P®) has obtained regulatory approval. It is officially included in national medical recommendations. Globally, approved pharmaceutical analogs incorporating PDGF, FGF, NGF, and proteins are employed to promote bone tissue regeneration. Furthermore, key limitations are addressed: precise delivery of these molecules to target tissues, safety of chronic utilization, and a critical need for further extensive investigations. Novel approaches are explored, such as the screening for substances capable of substituting natural growth factors, as well as combined therapies. The role of these signaling systems in tumorigenesis and development of anti-cancer drugs is also discussed.