2026 / 02

DOI: DOI: 10.24075/dc.2026.013
Copyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee: Pirogov University.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).

REVIEW

Multi-target neuroprotectors based on sulfonic acid derivatives and heterocyclic compounds

Rudakova MA , Negrebetsky VV
About authors

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia

Correspondence should be addressed: Marina A. Rudakova
Ostrovityanova St., 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia; ur.umsr@am_avokadur

Received: 2026-06-12 Accepted: 2026-06-21 Published online: 2026-06-30
|
  1. Makhoba Xolani H, Viegas Jr Claudio, A Mosa Rebamang, Viegas Flávia PD, Pooe Ofentse J. Potential Impact of the Multi-Target Drug Approach in the Treatment of Some Complex Diseases. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2020; 14: 3235–3249.
  2. Badria FA, De Filippis B, El-Magd MA, Elbadawi MM, Hamdi A and Elgazar AA. Editorial: Multi-target drug discovery and design for complex health disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2025; 16: 1633600.
  3. Ramírez-Guerrero S, Guardo-Maya S, Medina-Rincón GJ, Orrego-González EE, Cabezas-Pérez R and González-Reyes RE. Taurine and Astrocytes: A Homeostatic and Neuroprotective Relationship. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022; 15: 937789.
  4. Marcinkiewicz Janusz, Kontny Ewa. Taurine and inflammatory diseases. Amino Acids. 2012; 46(1): 7–20.
  5. Seol S-I, Kim HJ, Choi EB, Kang IS, Lee H-K, Lee J-K, Kim C. Taurine Protects against Postischemic Brain Injury via the Antioxidant Activity of Taurine Chloramine. Antioxidants. 2021; 10: 372.
  6. Gharibani P, Modi J, Menzie J, Alexandrescu A, Ma Z, Tao R, Prentice H and Wu J-Y. Comparison between single and combined post-treatment with s-methyl-n, n-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide and taurine following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat brain. Neuroscience. 2015; 300: 460–73.
  7. Wu Gao-Feng, Ren Shuang, Tang Ri-Yi, Xu Chang, Zhou Jia-Qi, Lin Shu-Mei et al. Antidepressant effect of taurine in chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depressive rats. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1): 4989.
  8. Nikkhah Elham, Shirani Kobra, Rezaee Ramin & Karimi Gholamreza. Protective effects of taurine against hepatotoxicity induced by pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2021; 103(1): 56–84.
  9. Froger N, Cadetti L, Lorach H, Martins J, Bemelmans A-P, Elisabeth Dubus et al. Taurine Provides Neuroprotection against Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(10): e42017.
  10. Kumar Sandeep, Goel Rajesh Kumar. Taurine supplementation to anti-seizure drugs as the promising approach to treat pharmacoresistant epilepsy: A pre-clinical study. International Journal of Epilepsy. 2017; 4(2): 119–124.
  11. Rezvan VV, Vasil’yeva IS, Dvoretskiy LI. Effektivnost’ taurina pri poyavlenii napryazheniya stenokardii u patsiyentov s postinfarktnym kardiosklerozom. Klinicheskaya meditsina. 2020; 98 (1): 20–27. Russian.
  12. Manzano Sagrario, Agüera Luis, Aguilar Miquel and Olazarán Javier. A Review on Tramiprosate (Homotaurine) in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurol. 2020; 11: 614.
  13. Bossù Paola, Salani Francesca, Ciaramella Antonio, Sacchinelli Eleonora, Mosca Alessandra, Banaj Nerisa et al. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Homotaurine in Patients With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018; 10: 285.
  14. Tian Jide, Song Min & Kaufman Daniel L. Homotaurine limits the spreading of T cell autoreactivity within the CNS and ameliorates disease in a model of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1): 5402.
  15. Spalletta Gianfranco, Cravello Luca, Gianni Walter, Piras Federica, Iorio Mariangela, Cacciari Claudia et al. Homotaurine Effects on Hippocampal Volume Loss and Episodic Memory in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2016; 50: 807–816.
  16. Martorana Alessandro, Di Lorenzo Francesco, Manenti Guglielmo, Semprini Roberta and Koch Giacomo. Homotaurine induces measurable changes of short latency afferent inhibition in a group of mild cognitive impairment individuals. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014; 6: 254.
  17. Meera Pratap, Uusi-Oukari Mikko, Lipshutz Gerald S. and Wallner Martin. GABAA receptors as plausible molecular targets and mediators for taurine and homotaurine actions. Front Pharmacol. 2023; 14: 1271203.
  18. De Sourav, SK Ashok Kumar SK, Shah Suraj Kumar, Kazi Sabnaz, Sarkar Nandan, Banerjeec Subhasis and Deya Sanjay. Pyridine: the scaffolds with significant clinical diversity. RSC Adv. 2022; 12: 15385.
  19. Shah Rajni, Shrivastava Saransh and Mandley Aparna. Molecular docking studies of pyridine-carboxamide derivatives as potential ntipsychotic drug: multitargeted drug approach. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2020; 9 (8): 1912–1919.
  20. Kramarova Eugene P, Borisevich Sophia S, Khamitov Edward M, Korlyukov Alexander A, Dorovatovskii Pavel V, Shagina Anastasia D et al. Pyridine Carboxamides Вased on Sulfobetaines: Design, Reactivity, and Biological Activity. Molecules. 2022; 27: 7542.
  21. Kramarova Eugeniya P, Lyahmun Dmitry N, Tarasenko Dmitry V, Korlyukov Alexander A, Dorovatovskii Pavel V, Shmigol Tatiana A, Bylikin Sergey Yu, Baukov Yuri I and Negrebetsky Vadim V. An expedient synthesis of a picolinamide-based betain bearing a 3-sulfonatopropyl substituent. Mendeleev Commun. 2024; 34: 126–128.
  22. Verma Vishal, Joshi Chandra Prakash, Agarwal Alka, Soni Sakshi, Kataria Udichi. A Review on Pharmacological Aspects of Pyrimidine Derivatives. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. 2020; 10(5): 358–361.
  23. Bafail Rawan SM, Samman Waad A. Anti-parkinsonian, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, analgesic, anti-hyperglycemic and anticancer activities of poly-fused ring pyrimidine derivatives. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2024; 23 (1): 67–75.
  24. Semenov Vyacheslav E, Zueva Irina V, Mukhamedyarov Marat A, Lushchekina Sofya V, Petukhova Elena O, Gubaidullina Lilya M et al. Novel Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Based on Uracil Moiety for Possible Treatment of Alzheimer Disease. Molecules. 2020; 25: 4191.
  25. Murinov YuI, Grabovskii SA, and Kabalnova NN. Pro- and antioxidant properties of uracil derivatives. Russian Chemical Bulletin, International Edition. 2019; 68(5): 946–954.
  26. Brel AK, Spasov AA, Lisina SV, Popov SS, Kucheryavenko AF, Litvinov RA, et al. Uracil hydroxybenzamides as potential antidiabetic prodrugs. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2019; 53(6): 28–32.
  27. Ramesh Deepthi, Vijayakumar Balaji Gowrivel, Kannan Tharanikkarasu. Therapeutic potential of uracil and its derivatives in countering pathogenic and physiological disorders. Eur J Med Chem. 2020; 207: 112801.